Portal:Soviet Union

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UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Introduction Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1 The flag of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was a successor state to the Russian Empire that was nominally organized as a federal union of fifteen national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR; in practice both its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it was a flagship communist state. The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917, which saw the Bolsheviks overthrow the Russian Provisional Government that formed earlier that year following the February Revolution that had dissolved the Russian Empire. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The revolution was not accepted by all within the Russian Republic, resulting in the Russian Civil War between the Bolsheviks and the anti-communist Whites. As the war progressed in the Bolsheviks' favor, the RSFSR began to incorporate land acquired from the war into various puppet states, which were merged into the Soviet Union in December 1922. Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power, inaugurating a period of rapid industrialization and forced collectivization that led to significant economic growth, but also contributed to a famine in 1930 to 1933 that killed millions. The forced labour camp system of the Gulag was also expanded in this period. During the late 1930s, Stalin conducted the Great Purge to remove actual and perceived opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact despite their ideological incongruence; nonetheless, in 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers in 1945, suffering an estimated 27 million casualties, which accounted for the majority of Allied losses. In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the Red Army, forming various satellite states, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a superpower. Following World War II, ideological tensions with the United States eventually led to the Cold War. The American-led Western Bloc coalesced into NATO in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, commonly known as the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. Neither side ever engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought on an ideological basis and through proxy wars. In 1953, following Stalin's death, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of de-Stalinization under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused tensions with Communist China. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union rapidly expanded its efforts in space exploration and took an early lead in the Space Race with the first artificial satellite, the first human spaceflight, the first space station, and the first probe to land on another planet (Venus). The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into full-scale nuclear war. The 1970s saw a brief détente in the Soviet Union's relationship with the United States, but tensions emerged again following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform the country through his policies of glasnost and perestroika. In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes, and nationalist and separatist movements erupted across the entire Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to reform and preserve the country as a renewed federation, an attempted coup d'état against Gorbachev by hardline communists prompted the three most populous and economically developed republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede from the Union. On December 26, Gorbachev officially recognized the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the Russian Federation, which became the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent post-Soviet states. During its existence, the Soviet Union produced many significant social and technological achievements and innovations. It had the world's second-largest economy and largest standing military. An NPT-designated state, it wielded the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. As an Allied nation, it was a founding member of the United Nations as well as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the Global South), military and economic strengths, and scientific accomplishments. (Full article...) Recognized article - Entries here consist of Good and Featured articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards. Left to right, top to bottom: Memorial to the deportation in Eupatoria; candle-lighting ceremony in Kyiv; memorial rally in Taras Shevchenko park; cattlecar similar to the type used in the deportation; maps comparing the demographics of Crimea in 1939 and 2001. The deportation of the Crimean Tatars (Crimean Tatar: Qırımtatar halqınıñ sürgünligi, Cyrillic: Къырымтатар халкъынынъ сюргюнлиги) or the Sürgünlik ('exile') was the ethnic cleansing and the cultural genocide of at least 191,044 Crimean Tatars which was carried out by the Soviet authorities from 18 to 20 May 1944, supervised by Lavrentiy Beria, chief of Soviet state security and the secret police, and ordered by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Within those three days, the NKVD used cattle trains to deport the Crimean Tatars, mostly women, children, and the elderly, even Communist Party members and Red Army members, to the Uzbek SSR, several thousand kilometres away. They constituted one of the several ethnicities which were subjected to Stalin's policy of population transfer in the Soviet Union. Officially, the Soviet government presented the deportation as a policy of collective punishment, based on its claim that some Crimean Tatars collaborated with Nazi Germany, but several modern scholars believe that the Soviet government carried out the deportation as a part of its plan to gain access to the Dardanelles and acquire territory in Turkey, where the Turkic ethnic kin of the Tatars lived, or remove minorities from the Soviet Union's border regions. This was despite the fact that twice as many Crimean Tatars served in the Red Army, 40,000, than had collaborated with the Axis powers, 20,000. Nearly 8,000 Crimean Tatars died during the deportation, and tens of thousands of other Crimean Tatars subsequently perished due to the harsh living conditions which they were forced to live under during their exile. The deportation of the Crimean Tatars resulted in the abandonment of 80,000 houses and it also resulted in the abandonment of 360,000 acres of land. (Full article...) List of recognized articles Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union) Katyn massacre Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250 Bezhin Meadow Tear down this wall! Battle of Moscow T-34 Tupolev Tu-142 Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev Second Battle of Kharkov Transport in the Soviet Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) Operation Uranus Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962 Winter War First Nagorno-Karabakh War 2nd Red Banner Army Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Laika Battle of Radzymin (1920) 68th Mountain Rifle Division 5th Mechanised Corps (Soviet Union) History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982) Lavochkin La-7 Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin Katyusha rocket launcher Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev Continuation War Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union) Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union) Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union) Lysenkoism Soviet–Albanian split Raid on Constanța Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union History of computing in the Soviet Union Mir Sputnik 1 Punch-up in Piestany Solaris (1972 film) Background of the Winter War Transport in the Soviet Union Welles Declaration Zond 5 Tartu Offensive Swimming at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay Summit Series Selected picture An object resembling a dish on an object resembling a bowl with wheels. The Lunokhod programme (Lunokhod 1 replica pictured) launched the first remote-controlled rovers that successfully landed on celestial bodies. Did you know... - ... that the proposals for a new Crimean flag after the collapse of the Soviet Union included a white flag with seven rainbow colors at the top and a blue-white-red tricolor design , which was officially adopted in 1999? ... that the February 9, 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Central Powers that helped clear Bolshevik forces from Ukraine? ... that members of Sub-Carpathian Reformed Church were persecuted by communists in the Soviet Union and were sent to Gulag labour camps in Siberia? ... that Valentin Pavlov, the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union and de facto Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, was involved in the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt against Mikhail Gorbachev? Selected quote WikiProjects What are WikiProjects? Selected biography - Lev Chernyi (Russian: Лев Чёрный, IPA: [ˈlʲef ˈtɕɵrnɨj] ⓘ; born Pavel Dimitrievich Turchaninov, Russian: Па́вел Дми́триевич Турчани́нов, IPA: [ˈpavʲɪl ˈdmʲitrʲɪjɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrtɕɪˈnʲinəf]; died September 21, 1921) was a Russian individualist anarchist theorist, activist and poet, and a leading figure of the Third Russian Revolution. In 1917, Chernyi was released from his political imprisonment by the Imperial Russian regime, and swiftly became one of the leading figures in Russian anarchism. After strongly denouncing the new Bolshevik government in various anarchist publications and joining several underground resistance movements, Chernyi was arrested by the Cheka on a charge of counterfeiting and in 1921 was executed without trial. (Full article...) List of selected biographies Nikita Khrushchev Lavrentiy Beria George Koval El Lissitzky Dmitri Shostakovich Alexei Kosygin Mikhail Suslov Alexander Alekhine Pavel Bure Gennady Yanayev Andrei Kirilenko (politician) Eduard Streltsov Vyacheslav Molotov Valentin Pavlov Samantha Smith Ivan Bagramyan Guy Burgess Sergo Ordzhonikidze Vladimir Lenin General images The following are images from various Soviet Union-related articles on Wikipedia. Construction of the bridge through the Kolyma (part of the Road of Bones from Magadan to Jakutsk) by the prisoners of Dalstroy (from Soviet Union) T-80 tank on Red Square during the August Coup (from Soviet Union) Residents of Leningrad leave their homes destroyed by German bombing. About 1 million civilians died during the 871-day Siege of Leningrad, mostly from starvation. (from Soviet Union) U.S. Lend Lease shipments to the USSR. During the war the USSR provided an unknown number of shipments of rare minerals to the US Treasury as a form of cashless repayment of Lend-Lease. (from Soviet Union) Revolutionaries attacking the tsarist police in the early days of the February Revolution (from Russian Revolution) Lenin, Trotsky and Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution (from Soviet Union) On 21 December 1991, the leaders of 11 former Soviet republics, including Russia and Ukraine, agreed to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). (from Soviet Union) Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War (from Soviet Union) Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria with Stalin's daughter, Svetlana, on his lap. As head of the NKVD, Beria was responsible for many political repressions in the Soviet Union. (from Soviet Union) Meeting before the Russian wire entanglements (from Russian Revolution) The Pan-European Picnic took place in August 1989 on the Hungarian-Austrian border. (from Soviet Union) Dissolution of the elected Russian Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks on 6 January 1918 (from Soviet Union) Republics of the Soviet Union in 1954–1991 (from Soviet Union) Internally displaced Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh, 1993 (from Soviet Union) The Battle of Stalingrad, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II (from Soviet Union) Russian Civil War in the European part of Russia (from Soviet Union) Red Guard unit of the Vulkan factory in Petrograd, October 1917 (from October Revolution) Russian troops meeting German troops in No Man's Land (from Russian Revolution) Forward gun of Aurora that fired the signal shot (from October Revolution) From left to right, the Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill confer in Tehran, 1943 (from Soviet Union) Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev and US President Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II arms limitation treaty in Vienna on 18 June 1979. (from Soviet Union) A revolutionary meeting of Russian soldiers in March 1917 in Dalkarby of Jomala, Åland (from Russian Revolution) Anniversary of October Revolution in Riga, Soviet Union in 1988 (from October Revolution) Map showing greatest territorial extent of the Soviet Union and the states that it dominated politically, economically and militarily in 1960, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 but before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961 (total area: c. 35,000,000 km2) (from Soviet Union) The elections to the Constituent Assembly took place in November 1917. The Bolsheviks won 24% of the vote. (from October Revolution) Soldiers marching in Petrograd, March 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Russian troops in trenches awaiting a German attack (from Russian Revolution) Russian peasants holding banners of Lenin (left), Marx (centre) and Trotsky (right) in early Soviet Russia. (from Russian Revolution) The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by Trotsky, Sverdlov, Zinoviev and Lashevich. (from Russian Revolution) American, British, and Japanese Troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support to the White Army. (from Russian Revolution) The New York Times headline from 9 November 1917 (from October Revolution) Petrograd Milrevcom proclamation about the deposing of the Russian Provisional Government (from October Revolution) Provisional Government's volunteer soldiers secure Petrograd's Palace Square with the Austin Armoured Car, summer 1917. (from Russian Revolution) Lenin, Trotsky and Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution (from October Revolution) Soviet painting Vladimir Lenin, by Isaac Brodsky (from Russian Revolution) Country emblems of the Soviet Republics before and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union (the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (fifth in the second row) no longer exists as a political entity of any kind and the emblem is unofficial.) (from Soviet Union) European theatre of the Russian Civil War in 1918 (from October Revolution) Mikhail Gorbachev in one-to-one discussions with US President Ronald Reagan (left), 1985 (from Soviet Union) The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by Trotsky, Sverdlov, Zinoviev, and Lashevich. (from October Revolution) Soldiers blocking Narva Gate on Bloody Sunday (from Russian Revolution) Nikolai Podgorny visiting Tampere, Finland on 16 October 1969 (from Soviet Union) Murder of the Romanov family, Le Petit Journal (from Russian Revolution) Revolutionaries protesting in February 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Five Marshals of the Soviet Union in 1935. Only two of them—Budyonny and Voroshilov—survived the Great Purge. Blyukher, Yegorov and Tukhachevsky were executed. (from Soviet Union) Bolshevik (1920) by Boris Kustodiev (from October Revolution) A scene from the July Days. The army has just opened fire on street protesters. (from October Revolution) The Russian famine of 1921–22 killed an estimated 5 million people. (from Soviet Union) The Soviet famine of 1930–1933, with areas where the effects of famine were most severe shaded (from Soviet Union) "Pogrom in the Winter Palace" by Ivan Vladimirov (from October Revolution) Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (left) with US President John F. Kennedy in Vienna, 3 June 1961 (from Soviet Union) The Petrograd Soviet Assembly meeting in 1917 (from Russian Revolution) Cruiser Aurora (from October Revolution) The 2nd Moscow Women Death Battalion protecting the Winter Palace as the last guards of the stronghold (from Russian Revolution) Selected anniversaries for April Cosmonautics Day - 12 April - the day Yuri Gagarin became the first man in Space, in 1961. More anniversaries… More Did you know (auto generated) ... that development of the British UB.109T cruise missile was given "super-priority" in 1951 to ward off an expected attack by the Soviet Union, only to be cancelled after the attack never came? ... that Estonian minister of war Paul Lill resigned in 1939, citing the unacceptable conditions of the Bases Treaty with the Soviet Union? ... that economist and anti-apartheid activist Vella Pillay arranged for South African revolutionaries to receive military training in the Soviet Union and China? ... that the Lviv branch of the Ukrderzh­nats­menvydav was the main publisher of Polish literature in the Soviet Union by 1941? ... that a 1955 satirical comedy play by Kasymaly Jantöshev was one of the first signs of the relaxation of Soviet literary restrictions after the death of Joseph Stalin? ... that the Soviet Union boycotted the United Nations in 1950? 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(2024-01-08) Main page featured lists List of leaders of the Soviet Union (2011-07-18) Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2016-02-22) Premier of the Soviet Union (2016-12-26) List of battlecruisers of Russia (2021-04-02) First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union (2023-08-11) In the News articles Mikhail Gorbachev (1969-12-31) Vladimir Putin (2004-02-24) Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (2008-08-04) Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow (2008-12-07) Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam (2009-08-17) Memorial (society) (2009-10-22) Vitaly Ginzburg (2009-11-09) Yegor Gaidar (2009-12-16) Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (2010-01-01) 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade (2010-05-09) Andrei Voznesensky (2010-06-02) Gennady Yanayev (2010-09-26) Andre Geim (2010-10-05) Konstantin Novoselov (2010-10-05) Yekaterina Gamova (2010-11-14) Katyn massacre (2010-11-26) International Women's Day (2011-03-08) Nikolai Andrianov (2011-03-21) Sergei Bagapsh (2011-05-29) Alexander Sokurov (2011-09-10) GLONASS (2011-10-05) Bolshoi Theatre (2011-10-28) Baikonur Cosmodrome (2011-12-23) Galina Vishnevskaya (2012-12-16) Mikhail Kalashnikov (2013-12-23) Tatiana Samoilova (2014-05-08) Viktor Tikhonov (born 1930) (2014-11-24) Valentin Rasputin (2015-03-18) Maya Plisetskaya (2015-05-02) Yevgeny Primakov (2015-06-26) Galina Prozumenshchikova (2015-07-21) Robert Conquest (2015-08-05) Svetlana Alexievich (2015-10-08) Leonid Zhabotinsky (2016-01-19) Viktor Korchnoi (2016-06-07) Mark Taimanov (2016-11-29) Yevgeny Yevtushenko (2017-04-07) Daniil Granin (2017-07-08) Stanislav Petrov (2017-09-18) 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade (2018-05-30) Baikonur (2018-10-11) Lyudmila Alexeyeva (2018-12-09) Anatoly Lukyanov (2019-01-11) Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (2019-02-03) Nursultan Nazarbayev (2019-03-20) Valery Bykovsky (2019-04-01) Willi Tokarev (2019-08-06) Sergei Kirpichenko (2019-09-07) Irina Bogacheva (mezzo-soprano) (2019-09-23) Alexei Leonov (2019-10-12) Vladimir Bukovsky (2019-10-28) Ivan Ustinov (2020-01-20) Yuri Viktorovich Kuznetsov (2020-01-26) Yevgeny Yuryev (2020-04-27) Maria Itkina (2020-12-03) George Blake (2020-12-27) David Dushman (2021-06-07) Viktor Pavlovich Potapov (2021-06-26) Vladimir Menshov (2021-07-13) Volodymyr Holubnychy (2021-08-20) Viktor Saneyev (2022-01-09) Leonid Kuravlyov (2022-02-04) Oleksandr Oksanchenko (2022-03-06) Russian cruiser Moskva (2022-04-15) Aleksei Parshin (2022-06-24) Oleksiy Zhuravko (2022-09-27) Nikolai Kirtok (2022-10-01) Andrey Titenko (2022-11-04) Volodymyr Kozhukhar (2022-12-09) Yuri Manin (2023-01-14) Ivan Silayev (2023-02-11) Vyacheslav Zaitsev (2023-05-06) Medea Amiranashvili (2023-12-09) Otar Iosseliani (2023-12-19) Nikolai Ryzhkov (2024-03-03) Picture of the day pictures German instrument of surrender2 (2009-05-07) Instrument of surrender Japan2 (2009-09-02) Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W) (2010-05-08) USS Yorktown collision (2011-02-12) Maxim Gorky LOC Restored edit1 (2013-03-28) Yuri Gagarin (1961) - Restoration (2020-03-09) Alexei Leonov (2020-03-18) Field Marshall Keitel signs German surrender terms in Berlin 8 May 1945 - Restoration (2020-05-08) RUS-2016-Murmansk-Icebreaker Lenin 01 (2020-06-08) Moscow Elektrozavodskaya metro station asv2018-09 (2022-02-26) Russian Imperial Family 1913 (2022-07-17) Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Instrument of Surrender, officially ending the Second World War (2022-09-02) 2020-09-16 165855 Soviet submarine B-515 (2023-04-18) Prokofieff (i.e. Prokofiev) LCCN2014708419 Crop 2 (2023-07-25) Main topics Categories Category puzzle Select [►] to view subcategories Soviet Union Soviet Union-related lists Culture of the Soviet Union Economy of the Soviet Union Education in the Soviet Union Events in the Soviet Union Geography of the Soviet Union Government of the Soviet Union Health in the Soviet Union Heroes of the Soviet Union History of the Soviet Union Law of the Soviet Union Military of the Soviet Union Organizations based in the Soviet Union Soviet people Politics of the Soviet Union Science and technology in the Soviet Union Society of the Soviet Union Works about the Soviet Union Writers about the Soviet Union Soviet Union stubs Things you can do Привет and welcome! 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